Athena Alliance and the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) of the National Academies, in collaboration with the Urban Institute, the State University of New York Levin Graduate Institute, and Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, hosted a conference comparing and contrasting India and China's growing science and technology capacity. Topics included broad areas such R&D, education, financing and the legal and regulatory environment as well as key industrial sectors such as aerospace, pharmaceuticals, information technologies, and energy. The agenda and the presentations are available online. The summary of the conference can be read online or downloaded from the National Academies website: